Payload Orientation Control and Stabilization

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for maintaining and stabilizing the position and orientation of a payload attached to a high-altitude balloon are provided. A payload may be attached to a powered gimbal. The powered gimbal may be configured to orient and position the payload in a plurality of directions corresponding to a first, second, and third rotational axis of the balloon-mounted payload system. After the payload is positioned by the powered gimbal, the position and orientation of the payload may be maintained and stabilized by one or more rotational stabilization devices. The stabilization by the one or more rotational stabilization devices can occur along any one, or combination of, the first, second, and third rotational axes.

This application claims priority to provisional U.S. Application Ser.No. 62/103,313, filed Jan. 14, 2015, entitled “Balloon PayloadOrientation Control and Stabilization,” herein incorporated by referencefor all purposes.

FIELD

Aspects described herein are generally related to controlling andstabilizing the angular momentum and rotational movement of payloadsattached to a high-altitude balloon. More specifically, aspects of thedisclosure relate to apparatuses, systems, and methods for maintainingand stabilizing the position and orientation of a payload attached to ahigh-altitude balloon.

BACKGROUND

High-altitude balloons have emerged as an increasingly utilized tool forthe deployment of research, surveillance, and reconnaissance payloads.As compared to conventional means for payload deployment such as rocketsand aircraft which are technologically complex and capital-intensive,high-altitude balloons present a mechanically simple and low-costalternative.

While the financial appeal for using high-altitude balloons for payloaddeployment is readily apparent, a number of technological issuescurrently inhibit the implementation in applications requiring a highdegree of payload control and stability. For example, balloon-mountedpayloads are highly susceptible to externally applied forces from theimmediate atmospheric conditions (e.g., wind, temperature,precipitation, and the like) as well as internal rotational forcesgenerated by moving mechanical components operating within the attachedpayload. Such effects, whether viewed alone or in combination, maygenerate significant destabilizing vibrations and oscillations of thepayload and the components housed therein. Consequently, balloon-mountedpayloads fail to exhibit adequate directional control and/or stabilityrequired for many far reaching applications.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects describedherein. This summary is not an extensive overview, and is not intendedto identify key or critical elements or to delineate the scope of theclaims. The following summary merely presents some concepts in asimplified form as an introductory prelude to the more detaileddescription provided below.

Aspects of the disclosure address one or more of the issues mentionedabove by disclosing apparatuses, systems, and methods for maintainingand stabilizing the position and orientation of a payload attached to ahigh-altitude balloon. In at least some examples described herein, agondola may be attached to a high-altitude balloon. The gondola maycomprise a plurality of components including rotational stabilizationdevices, a powered gimbal, and a payload.

At least one aspect described herein provides for determining theorientation and position of the payload. Upon determining theorientation and position of the payload, calculations may be performedto reorient and reposition the payload in a new direction andorientation. The reorientation and repositioning of the payload may beperformed by the powered gimbal to which the payload is attached. Upondetermining that the payload has been reoriented and repositioned,additional calculations may be performed to maintain and stabilize thepayload as positioned and oriented in the new direction. The rotationalstabilization devices may act to rotate and/or stabilize the payload inthe new direction.

At least one aspect described herein provides for determining theorientation and position of a carousel device. In such aspects, thecarousel device may comprise a plurality of hardware components. Upondetermining the orientation and position of the carousel device, as wellas the hardware components comprised therein calculations may beperformed to reorient and reposition the carousel device in a newdirection and orientation. The calculations may additionally call forthe internal reorientation and repositioning of the hardware componentscomprised within the carousel device. The reorientation andrepositioning of the carousel device may be performed by the poweredgimbal to which the carousel device is attached. Upon determining thatthe carousel device has been reoriented and repositioned, as well as thehardware components comprised therein, additional calculations may beperformed to maintain and stabilize the carousel device as positionedand oriented in the new direction. The rotational stabilization devicesmay act to rotate and/or stabilize the payload in the new direction.

The details of these and other aspects of the disclosure are set forthin the accompanying drawings and descriptions below. Other features andadvantages of aspects of the disclosure may be apparent from thedescriptions and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of aspects described herein and theadvantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the followingdescription in consideration of the accompanying drawings, in which likereference numbers indicate like features, and wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization system according to one or more aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of yaw stabilization hardware ofa balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system accordingto one or more aspects described herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of a carousel device according toone or more aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart for a first balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization method according to one or more aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart for a second balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization method according to one or more aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 6 depicts an illustrative configuration of a central housing unitaccording to one or more aspects.

FIG. 7 depicts an illustrative configuration of a central housing unitincluding a powered gimbal according to one or more aspects.

FIGS. 8 & 9 show graphical representations of rotation control andpointing control characteristics of a balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization system according to one or more aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 10 shows an additional configuration of a balloon payloadorientation system according to one or more aspects.

FIG. 11 shows a graphical representation of powered gimbal azimuth andpowered gimbal elevation characteristics of a balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system according to one or moreaspects described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of the various embodiments, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and inwhich is shown by way of illustration various embodiments in whichaspects described herein may be practiced. It is to be understood thatother embodiments may be utilized and structural and functionalmodifications may be made without departing from the scope of thedescribed aspects and embodiments. Aspects described herein are capableof other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out invarious ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology andterminology used herein are for the purpose of description and shouldnot be regarded as limiting. Rather, the phrases and terms used hereinare to be given their broadest interpretation and meaning. The use of“including” and “comprising” and variations thereof is meant toencompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well asadditional items and equivalents thereof. The use of the terms“mounted,” “connected,” “coupled,” “positioned,” “engaged” and similarterms, is meant to include both direct and indirect mounting,connecting, coupling, positioning and engaging.

Aspects described herein contribute to balloon based platformsperforming various functions such as research, surveillance,reconnaissance, telecommunications, mapping, and the like. Such balloonplatforms may include an individual balloon functioning independently,or of a network of balloons acting in tandem. These balloons maycommunicate with each other using optical or radio-frequencycommunications. Communications systems may utilize LEDs, lasers, radiosignals and/or other antenna-based communications as described infurther detail below.

In some aspects, a balloon platform system may include one or moreballoons and accompanying payloads and may be configured to perform avariety of functions. The platform may communicate with other platformsand/or ground stations and may be able to operate autonomously or viaremote command. The platform may be designed for a variety of missions,such as short duration flights or remaining at altitude.

In some embodiments, a balloon platform may include a network ofballoons. The balloons in such a network may be substantially similar toone another and may be configured to perform similar functions,different functions, and/or complementary functions. The balloons may beable to communicate with one another as well as ground-based platforms.The specific functions of each individual balloon may be tailoreddepending on the intended function. For example, in some embodiments,the hardware, functionality and intra-balloon network communications maybe generally homogenous, but heterogeneous with respect to externalcommunications.

In other embodiments, a balloon platform may include a heterogeneousnetwork of balloons that includes multiple types of balloons. Theballoons may each be configured to perform specific functions. Forexample, in some embodiments, one type of balloon may be configured as acommunication node and communicate with all the other balloons in thenetwork as well as ground-based platforms while other balloons mayperform external functions and only communicate to the communicationnode balloon(s).

Instruments and electronic equipment within the payload may be used torecord various data and information or otherwise respond to exposure tothe external environment in such a way that may be benefited byorientation control and stabilization. This hardware may benefit fromthe ability to maintain a specific orientation and/or may benefit fromthe ability to move through a number of specific orientations in acontrolled fashion.

According to an illustrative aspect, additional hardware may be orientedthrough the use of a powered gimbal. This powered gimbal may, in turn,be mounted directly, or indirectly, to one or more rotationalstabilization (or modulation) devices. As used herein, reference to astabilization device or devices may include one or more modulationdevices to assist, limit, and/or control rotation about an axis. The oneor more rotational stabilization devices may be configured to functionas one or more yaw momentum stabilization devices, which may beconfigured to stabilize yaw momentum generated by the orientationpowered gimbal, the atmospheric environment, and/or other moving partsof the payload. Momentum in pitch and roll is typically dissipated bygravity and/or air friction and thus requires little or no momentumstabilization. However, designs contemplated herein may be configured toprovide momentum stabilization (or modulation) for the pitch and rollaxes.

By combining a powered gimbal and one or more rotational stabilizationdevices, the types of balloon configurations that can provideorientation control and stability is significantly expanded. Forexample, the additional hardware being oriented, as discussed furtherbelow, may comprise a significant portion of the mass of the payloadand/or the entire balloon system. In such configurations, theorientation of the additional hardware cannot be controlled withoutintroducing significant yaw momentum in the system that could not bedissipated without rotational modulation hardware.

The yaw momentum stabilization hardware may include a flywheelfunctioning as a momentum wheel that resists yaw deflection anddisperses imparted yaw torque into the pitch and/or roll or other axes.The yaw momentum stabilization hardware may further include a flywheelfunctioning as a reaction wheel that generates yaw momentum directlyand/or rotational stabilization hardware that generate yaw thrust. Theflywheel or flywheels may also function as a control moment gyroscope ora variable speed control moment gyroscope (CMG). Depending on thedesired functionality, the yaw momentum stabilization hardware maymitigate yaw momentum generated by the powered gimbal, the atmosphericenvironment and/or other moving parts of the payload or it mayadditionally provide azimuth or skew orientation control.

FIG. 1 shows an illustrative balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100. The balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 may include a balloon envelope 102, a couplingmember 104 attached to a bottom end portion of balloon envelope 102 atfirst distal end of coupling member 104, and a gondola 108 positionedbelow balloon envelope 102 and coupled at an upper end portion to asecond distal end of coupling member 104. Coupling member 104 mayfunction to attach gondola 108 to balloon envelope 102.

Balloon envelope 102 may be fabricated in a multitude of forms, shapes,and sizes and may be composed of any one of latex, chloroprene,polyethylene, Mylar, and the like. Additionally or alternatively,balloon envelop 102 may be constructed from Stratofilm-430. Balloonenvelope 102 may be composed of a combination of any of theabove-mentioned materials. In certain embodiments, other materials maybe used. In certain embodiments, balloon envelope 102 may be acommercially available Kaymont 1200g balloon, or any other suitableballoon. Balloon envelope 102 may be configured to be an inflatable anddeflatable vessel, and may be filled during inflation with alighter-than-air lifting gas. Such a gas may include, but is not limitedto, one of helium, hydrogen, and/or methane. In some instances, othergases may be used. The gas, as used to inflate balloon envelope 102, maycause balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100to ascend into the atmosphere. In certain embodiments, one or moreballoon envelopes may be used. In some embodiments, a weather balloonmay be used.

As stated above, balloon envelope 102 may be attached to gondola 108 viacoupling member 104. Coupling member 104 may be a traditional couplingmember such as a cord, cable, wire, chain, or the like, and may vary inlength and diameter depending on the application. In some embodiments, aplurality of coupling members may be used. A first distal end ofcoupling member 104 may attach to a bottom end portion of balloonenvelope 102 and a second distal end of coupling member 104 may attachto an upper end portion of gondola 104 through any of a variety ofattachment means including, but not limited to, a pin, fastener, clamp,or utilization of adhesive. Other attachment devices and/or methods maybe used.

Gondola 108 may comprise a central housing unit 110, one or morerotational stabilization devices 120, and powered gimbal 130. Centralhousing unit 110 of gondola 108 may be composed of metal (e.g.,aluminum), foam composite, carbon fiber, fiberglass, or plastic and maycomprise a plurality of components including memory 111, processor 112,power module 113, communications device 114, flight system 115, flywheel116, sensor 117, and GPS 118. While the plurality of components arediscussed herein as being comprised within central housing unit 110 ofgondola 108, it should be understood that such components (e.g., memory111, processor 112, power module 113, communications device 114, flightsystem 115, flywheel 116, sensor 117, and GPS 118) may also, in certainembodiments, be located and/or housed in other areas of balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100. For example, one ormore of the plurality of components comprised within central housingunit 110 may be included in powered gimbal 130, payload 131, balloonenvelope 102, and the like. In certain instances, other housing devicesmay comprise the plurality of components.

The plurality of components comprised within central housing unit 110may be configured so as to perform the balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization methods described herein. For example, memory111 may store data and/or instructions that, when accessed by processor112 (e.g., a commercially available Amtel microprocessor, Broadcommicroprocessor, or any suitable microprocessor), may cause balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100 to executeballoon orientation and stabilization methods described herein, or asotherwise called for based on the functionality of payload 131. In suchembodiments, processor 112 via data and/or instructions stored in memory111 may control balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100 through the utilization and/or actuation of components suchas, but not limited to, balloon release device 106, one or morerotational stabilization devices 120, powered gimbal 130, payload 131,communications device 114, flight system 115, flywheel 116, sensor 117,and GPS 118. In certain embodiments, one or more memory storing devicesand/or processors may be used. While not explicitly shown in FIG. 1,memory 111 may be a plurality of memory devices and processor 112 may bea plurality of processors.

Power module 113 may be configured so as to provide electrical energy tothe components of balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100. In certain embodiments, balloon envelope 102 and/or gondola108 and/or certain environmentally exposed components comprised therein(e.g., one or more rotational stabilization devices 120, central housingunit 110, powered gimbal 130, etc.) may include solar panels/cellsmounted thereon so as to translate solar energy into electrical energyfor storage in power module 113. In other embodiments, power module 113may include one or more exhaustible batteries, one or more rechargeablebatteries (e.g., 18650 Lithium Ion batteries or other suitablerechargeable batteries), or the like. In some instances, power module113 may derive electrical energy from the kinetic movement of therotational members comprised within balloon payload orientation controland stabilization system 100 (e.g. flywheel 116, powered gimbal 130,etc.) Such energy sources and/or translation methods may be used alone,or in combination. In certain embodiments, other energy sources and/ortranslation methods may be used.

In certain embodiments, central housing unit 110 of gondola 108 mayfurther comprise communications device 114 which may be, but is notlimited to, one of radio frequency transmitters and/or receivers,optical communications hardware, and/or other communications devices.Communications device 114 may also include an Iridium modem and receiver(e.g., an Iridium RockBlock satellite modem or any other suitableIridium or other satellite modem), GPRS modem (or any other modem), FRSUHV radio (or any other radio frequency radio), cellulartelecommunications modem, and the like. While not explicitly shown inFIG. 1, communication device 114 may be a plurality of communicationsdevices such as those mentioned above. Such a plurality ofcommunications devices may be of a like type, or may be of a differenttype. Communications device 114 may enable secure communications with adirect link to ground personnel, radio towers, other balloon systemssimilar to balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system100, satellites, and the like.

Central housing unit 110 of gondola 108 may also include flight system115 which may include any one, or combination of, motor drivers for oneor more rotational stabilization devices 120, flywheel 116, poweredgimbal 130, and/or payload 131 and sirens. While such components aredescribed in regards to FIG. 1 as being included in flight system 115within central housing unit 110, other locations may be possible.

As stated above, flywheel 116 may also be comprised in central housingunit 110. In certain instances, there may be a single flywheel 116, andin others, there may be a plurality of flywheels comprised in centralhousing unit 110. Such a plurality of flywheels may be oriented in alike direction, or may be oriented orthogonally along any one, orcombination of, the pitch, roll, and yaw axes of the balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100, or may be orientedotherwise, for example in a tetrahedral configuration. In certaininstances, flywheel 116 may operate in tandem with one or morerotational stabilization devices 120 so as to orient and stabilizeballoon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100. Theflywheel 116 or flywheels may function to transfer angular momentum insuch a way that it may be dispersed into the environment through otherrotational stabilization systems 120 like propellers or thrusters. Suchorientation and stabilization of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 110 may occur along any one, or combination of, thepitch, roll, and yaw axis of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100. In some embodiments, one or more rotationalstabilization devices 120 may not be included in balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100 and, in such cases,flywheel 116 may operate alone to orient and stabilize balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100. Flywheel 116 may beindependently powered such that they generate rotation of gondola 108around the vertical axis and/or they connect rotation of the centralhousing unit 110 around the vertical axis to tilt and roll rotation.Thus, the yaw orientation of payload 131 and central housing unit 110may be controlled independently and yaw rotation imparted by poweredgimbal 130 to the central housing unit 110 or vice versa may bestabilized by each system component. In other embodiments, flywheel 116may not be included in balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100.

In certain instances, central housing unit 110 of gondola 108 mayinclude sensors 117 such as, but not limited to, sun-angle sensors,measurement equipment for solar characterization, antennas,accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, barometers and/or otherpressure sensors (e.g., Bosch barometer or the like), thermometers(e.g., PT100 temperature sensor, DS 18B20 temperature sensor, or thelike), cameras (e.g., GoPro or the like), and/or other sensors forcapturing environmental and/or balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system related phenomena (e.g., InvenSense inertialmanagement unit). While not explicitly shown in FIG. 1, sensor 117 maybe a plurality of sensors. Such a plurality of sensors may include anyone, or combination of, the above-motioned sensors. Central housing unit110 may also comprise a GPS 118 and/or other positioning systems such asan inertial management and navigation system, star-tracking system,terrain-tracking system, and or other location determination/positioningsystems of the like. Data corresponding to phenomena detected by sensor117 and/or locational information provided by GPS 118 may be stored inmemory 111. In some embodiments, processor 112 may utilize such data toperform various calculations regarding the methods described in furtherdetail below. Furthermore, data may be transmitted by communicationsdevice 114. Such data transmission may be done in real-time, insymmetric intervals, or randomly in response to observation of certainphenomena correlating to predetermined and/or prestored data points(e.g., temperature below −50° Celsius, barometric pressure readingsindicating a hurricane and/or tornado, arrival at specific GPScoordinates, etc.). Such data points may be predetermined and/orprestored in memory 111 and subsequently accessed, and compared tomeasured data points by processor 112.

One or more rotational stabilization devices 120 may be fixed to anexterior surface of central housing unit 110. The one or more rotationalstabilization devices 120 may include hardware such as propellers,impellers, air thrusters, rockets, and/or nozzles and may be driven by amotor (e.g., brushless motor or the like) via an electronic speedcontroller. Other suitable hardware configured to generate rotation ofgondola 108 may also be included. While described herein as beingattached to central housing 110 of gondola 108, the one or morerotational stabilization devices 120 may, in certain embodiments, beattached to other system components (e.g., balloon envelope 102,coupling member 104, powered gimbal 130, etc.). Furthermore, the one ormore rotational stabilization devices may be configured as yaw momentumstabilization devices and may provide orientation and stabilization ofballoon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100 aroundthe yaw axis. In other configurations, orientation and stabilizationaround the pitch and roll axes may be controlled. As stated above, theone or more rotational stabilization devices 120 may be configured tooperate alone, or in tandem, with flywheel 116. In such embodiments,flywheel 116 may be mounted along one or more axes and configured togenerate yaw momentum and/or convert yaw momentum into tilt and rollmomentum. One or more rotational stabilization devices may be orientedaround complementary axes to that/those of flywheel 116 and, as such, beconfigured to provide further stabilization. In such an instance,flywheel 116 may be a momentum wheel or CMG and, as such, may beconfigured to rotate around an axis different than that of the axis ofstabilized by the one or more rotational devices. For example, the oneor more rotational stabilization devices 120 may be configured tostabilize balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system100 around the yaw axis and, in such a configuration, flywheel 116 maybe a momentum wheel or CMG and may be configured to rotate around thefly and/or tilt axis. Other configurations of the one or more rotationalstabilization devices 120 and flywheel 116 may be possible. The one ormore rotational stabilization devices may be further configured, incertain instances, to compress atmospheric gases and/or to use gasesinside the balloon envelope for thrust generation.

In certain embodiments, the balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 may include a balloon envelope 102 connected toa central housing unit 110 on which is mounted a powered gimbal 130supporting a payload 131. As described in further detail below, memory111 may store instructions that, when accessed by processor 112, maycause powered gimbal 130, through elevation and/or azimuth rotations, toorient and direct the payload 131 to point towards a certain point inspace. Additionally, memory 111 may store further instructions that,when executed by processer 112, may cause the one or more rotationalstabilization devices 120 to maintain a set azimuthal orientation,stabilize gondola 108 and, by extension, payload 131 as directed towardsthe above-mentioned point in space. Such stabilization by the one ormore rotational stabilization devices 120 may be caused throughgenerated thrust via one of propellers, impellers, air thrusters,electromagnetic thrusters, rockets, nozzles or the like. In certainembodiments, the orientation and stabilization function may be performedby one or more rotational stabilization devices 120 in tandem withflywheel 116. The powered gimbal 130 may include one or more motors(e.g., brushless motors or the like) and/or servos that may be arrangedalong normal and/or non-normal axes to provide angular adjustment of thepayload 131. Powered gimbal 130 may be configured to rotate around moreor less than the tilt, roll, and yaw axes depending on the type ofrotational stabilization devices used (e.g., propellers, impellers, airthrusters, rockets, nozzles, etc) and the arrangement of the rotationalstabilization devices (e.g., any one, or combination of, the tilt, roll,and yaw axes, and/or other axes). In such instances, powered gimbal 130may be configured to rotate around different axes than those of therotational stabilization devices. The rotational stabilization devices120 may be mounted to the central housing unit 110, facing the samedirection on opposing sides of the central vertical axis of gondola 108.The motors may be independently powered such that they generate rotationof the gondola 108 around the vertical axis via the one or morerotational stabilization devices 120. Thus, the yaw orientation of thepayload 131 and the central housing 110 may be controlled independently,and yaw rotation imparted by the atmospheric environment, other movingparts of the payload and/or the powered gimbal 130 to the centralhousing 110 or vice versa can be stabilized by each part. In someembodiments, a plurality of powered gimbals 130 may be fixed todifferent portions of central housing unit 110. Each powered gimbal ofthe plurality of powered gimbals may comprise a respective payload 131.The payloads may comprise identical hardware, or different hardwaredepending on the embodiment.

In certain embodiments, payload 131 may include a carousel device. Asdiscussed in further detail in regards to FIG. 3, the carousel devicemay comprise an internal rotatable mechanism further comprising aplurality of hardware components. Such a carousel device may be able toseamlessly interchange and direct each hardware component of theplurality of hardware components to the same point in space. Such adevice may also allow for passive temperature control be rotatinghardware into and out of direct sunlight.

A balloon release device 106 may be fixed to coupling member 104 and maybe positioned between balloon envelope 102 and gondola 108. Memory 111may store instructions that, when accessed processor 112, may causeballoon release device 106 to detach gondola 108 from balloon envelope102. Balloon release device 106 may receive instructions from processor112 to detach gondola 108 from balloon envelope 102 when a certainaltitude has been reached by balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100. Information corresponding to such an altitudemay be predetermined and/or prestored in memory 111. In otherembodiments, balloon release device 106 may receive instructions fromprocessor 112 to detach gondola 108 from balloon envelope 102 after acertain time duration has elapsed (e.g., one hour, three days, elevenweeks, etc.). Such a time duration may be measured from the initial timeof the deployment of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 and may be stored in memory 111. In otherembodiments, balloon release device 106 may receive instructions from athird party (e.g., ground control, satellite, other balloon, etc.) viacommunication device 114 to detach gondola 108 from balloon envelope102. In other embodiments, balloon envelope 102 may be designed so as toburst under certain atmospheric and/or flight conditions (e.g., after acertain amount of deployment time, upon exposure to certain atmosphericpressure, etc.). In such embodiments, sensor 117 and/or GPS 118 maygenerate data indicative of such a rupture of balloon envelope 102 andthereby cause processor 112 to activate balloon release device 106 todetach gondola 108 from balloon envelope 102. Detachment performed byballoon release device 106 may be performed through severing couplingmember 104 via a heated wire member (e.g., Iridium cut-off), severingcoupling member 104 via a cutting member (e.g., guillotine-like device),disengaging from coupling member 104 via a clasping member, or the like.

In certain embodiments, a parachute may be additionally fixed tocoupling member 104 below balloon release device 106. The parachute maybe composed of nylon, canvas, silk, Kevlar, terylene, or the like, andmay be fabricated in a multitude of forms, shapes, and sizes. Such aparachute may additionally include guidance hardware that allows gondola108 to perform a controlled descent to the earth's surface. Furthermore,a radar reflector may be fixed to coupling member 104 below theparachute. Such a radar reflector may be configured to respond toincoming radar so as to alert aircraft in the immediate vicinity to thepresence of balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system100.

FIG. 2 depicts yaw stabilization hardware of a balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 200 according to certainembodiments described herein. Balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 200 may comprise some or all of thehardware/software components as balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 as depicted in FIG. 1. Balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 200 may include a gondola208 suspended below a balloon envelope 202. Gondola 208 may include acentral housing unit 210 containing yaw stabilization hardware, whichmay include one or more rotational stabilization devices 220 and/or oneor more flywheels 215. The rotational stabilization devices 220 mayinclude propellers, impellers, electromagnetic thrusters, rockets,nozzles, or other types of propulsion. A powered gimbal 230 may bemounted on the central housing unit 210. A payload 231 may be mounted onthe powered gimbal 230, and may include instruments and/or electronicequipment. Alternate embodiments may include the powered gimbal 230 oryaw stabilization hardware separately.

The gondola 208 may provide high-performance stabilization andorientation control of the payload 231 through action of the poweredgimbal 230 combined with the yaw stabilization provided by the one ormore rotational stabilization devices 220 and/or the one or moreflywheels 215.

The powered gimbal 230 may provide active orientation control andstabilization for the payload 231. The action of the powered gimbal 230may impart momentum to the rest of the gondola 208. Tilt and rollmomentum may be dissipated by gravity and/or air friction of the gondola208. The yaw stabilization hardware may dissipate imparted yaw momentumand may provide additional yaw control. As such, yaw stabilizationhardware (e.g., one or more rotational stabilization devices 220 and/orone or more flywheels 215) may thus allow for the continuous orientationcontrol and stabilization of the payload 231.

For example, if the balloon envelope 202 and gondola 208 were spinningclockwise (CW) due to environmental and/or internal influences, and thepowered gimbal 230 was programmed to direct and orient payload 231towards a specific point in space (e.g., facing south or some otherspecified direction) this would require the powered gimbal 230 to rotatethe payload 231 counterclockwise (CCW) and thereby generate additionalyaw momentum in the CW direction. Such yaw momentum may be imparted onthe rest of balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system200 (e.g., balloon envelope 202, gondola 208, etc.). Eventually, thecombination of yaw momentum generated by the environmental and/orinternal influences may cause gondola 208 to spin too quickly in the CWdirection for powered gimbal 230 to be able to maintain payload 231 inthe programmed orientation. The yaw stabilization hardware allows theimparted yaw momentum to be dissipated or otherwise countered throughone or more rotational stabilization devices 220 and/or one or moreflywheels 215. Thus the gondola 204 can maintain the orientation ofpayload 231.

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a payload as carousel device 300.Carousel device 300 may comprise collimator 310 including an outer endportion 312 exposed to the atmospheric environment and an inner housingportion 314. Inner housing portion 314 of collimator 310 may includerotatable mechanism 320 comprised therein. Rotatable mechanism 320 maycomprise a plurality of outer faces 322. Each outer face of theplurality of outer faces 322 may serve as fixture point for specializedhardware components. Such hardware components may include, but are notlimited to, solar cells, GPS receivers, cameras, sensors, antennas,communication equipment, and the like. In some embodiments, each faceout face of the plurality of outer faces 322 may comprise a uniquespecialized hardware component.

Rotatable mechanism 320 may be configured to rotate so as to expose anouter face of the plurality of outer faces 322 towards collimator 310and, ultimately, outer end portion 312. Such rotation may be caused byinstructions stored in memory 111 that, when executed by processor 112,may activate a motor comprised within rotatable mechanism 320. Theexecution of rotation of rotatable mechanism 320 may be prompted byinput received from sensor 117, GPS 118, instructions received viacommunications device 114, data prestored in memory 111, or the like.For example, GPS 118 may provide data indicating that the balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100 has arrived ata certain prestored geographic position and/or area stored within memory111. In such an example, processor 112 may execute instructionscomprised within memory 111 that cause a specific outer face of theplurality of outfaces 322 and the hardware component comprised thereinto be exposed towards collimator 310. In other instances, sensor 117 mayindicate that atmospheric temperature has dropped below a certainprestored threshold (e.g., −50° Celsius) at which certain hardware ofthe plurality of hardware can incur damage. In such an instance,processor 112 may execute instructions that cause the rotatablemechanism to rotate, and thereby conceal, the certain piece of hardwareaway from collimator 310 into a non-outwardly exposed portion of innerhousing portion 314. In yet another example, communications device 114may receive information instructing the exposure of a certain hardwarecomponent of the plurality of hardware components. In such an instance,the received information may comprise instructions that, when executedby processor 112, cause rotatable mechanism 320 to rotate and expose thespecified face and hardware components fixed thereto.

Carousel device 300 may comprise mechanical components allowing for therotation and positioning of carousel device 300 and the componentscomprised therein without activation of powered gimbal 130. In someexamples, carousel device 300 may be configured to be rotatablepositioned by mechanical components comprised therein in conjunctionwith movement of powered gimbal 130. In other examples, carousel device300 may be a fixed member and require activation of powered gimbal 130to be positioned and oriented.

FIG. 4 shows an illustrative method of orienting and positioning payload131 of the balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system100. Such a method may be performed on board balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization system 100 by one or more processors 112 oroff board at an external processing center. At step 402, the currentposition and orientation of payload 131 may be determined. In certainembodiments, the position and orientation of payload 131 may bedetermined relative to the position and orientation of balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100. Additionally, the nextposition and orientation of payload 131 may be determined. The nextposition and orientation of payload 131 may be different than thecurrent position and orientation of payload 131.

The determination of the current position and orientation of payload maybe done through contribution of data provided by sensor 117. In otherembodiments, the determination may be done through the utilization ofinput commands previously generated and executed to achieve the currentpositioning. The two forms of determination may be performed alone, orin combination. In other instances, other means of determining theposition and orientation of payload 131 may be used. Additionally, thedetermination of the next position and orientation of payload 131 may bedetermined through instructions received via communications device 114,instructions prestored in memory 111 corresponding to prestored GPSlocations and/or sensor readings.

At step 404, after determining the current and next orientations andpositions of payload 131, powered gimbal rotational commands may becalculated. Such powered gimbal rotational commands may containinstructions that, when executed, cause powered gimbal 130 to repositionand reorient payload 131 to the next position and orientation from thecurrent position and orientation. Depending on the embodiment,calculation of powered gimbal rotational commands may be done on-boardor off-board.

At step 406, output signals including the calculated powered gimbalrotational commands may be transmitted to powered gimbal 130. Afterreceiving the output signals, powered gimbal 130 may reorient andreposition payload 131. Such reorientation and repositioning may beachieved through rotation of powered gimbal 130 around any one, orcombination of, a first, second, third or more axes of rotation.

After the output signals for the reorientation and repositioning ofpayload 131 have been transmitted to powered gimbal 130, a determinationmay be made at step 408 that such a reorientation and repositioning hasbeen completed. Such a determination may be made via informationprovided by sensor 117 and/or powered gimbal 130.

At step 410, in response to determining that payload 131 has beenreoriented and repositioned, rotational stabilization device rotationalcommands may be calculated which may comprise instructions formaintaining and stabilizing the position and orientation of payload 131at the new location in specific regards to the yaw axis. In otherembodiments, the calculations of rotational stabilization devicerotational commands may be made for maintaining and stabilizing theposition and orientation of payload 131 at the new location in specificregards to the yaw axis, pitch axis, roll axis, or any combination ofaxes thereof.

The calculation may take into account data provided by sensor 117regarding external atmospheric phenomena such as wind speed, winddirection, barometric pressure, presence of wind gusts, precipitation,and the like. As stated above, such phenomena may incur rotation aroundthe yaw axis of balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100. Accordingly, the calculation of rotational stabilizationdevice rotational commands may adjust for the presence of suchphenomena. In some embodiments, the calculations may be done seamlesslyand in real-time as atmospheric change and are detected by sensor 117.The calculations completed at step 410 may also take into account therotation of balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system100 around the yaw axis as produced by powered gimbal 130 during thereorientation and repositioning of payload 131.

Moreover, the calculation may take into account additional data providedby sensor 117 and GPS 118 regarding motion and trajectory of balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100. For example,if it is desired that payload 130 remain fixed towards a certain pointin space, calculations of rotational stabilization device rotationalcommands may take into account the movement of balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100 so as to maintainorientation of payload 130 towards the certain point.

At step 412, the rotational stabilization device rotational commands maybe transmitted in the form of second output signals to one or morerotational stabilization devices 120 which, upon receiving the secondoutput signals, may employ any of a plurality of thrust generating meanssuch as, but not limited to, air thrusters, propellers, impellers,electromagnetic thrusters, rockets, and like, in order to maintain andstabilize the orientation and positioning of payload 116. One or morerotational stabilization devices 120 may maintain and stabilize theorientation and positioning of payload 116 around the yaw axis ofballoon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100. Inother embodiments, the one or more rotational devices 120 may maintainand stabilize the orientation and positioning of payload 116 around theyaw, pitch, and/or rolls axis of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100.

In some embodiments, in response to determining that payload 131 hasbeen reoriented and repositioned, flywheel rotational commands may becalculated which may comprise instructions for maintaining andstabilizing the position and orientation of payload 131 at the newlocation in specific regards to the yaw axis. In other embodiments, thecalculations of flywheel rotational commands may be made for maintainingand stabilizing the position and orientation of payload 131 at the newlocation in specific regards to the yaw axis, pitch axis, roll axis, orany combination of axes thereof.

The calculation may take into account data provided by sensor 117regarding external atmospheric phenomena such as wind speed, barometricpressure, presence of wind gusts, precipitation, and the like. As statedabove, such phenomena may incur rotation around the yaw axis of balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100. Accordingly,the calculation of flywheel rotational commands may adjust for thepresence of such phenomena. In some embodiments, the calculations may bedone seamlessly and in real-time as atmospheric change and are detectedby sensor 117. The calculations may also take into account the rotationof balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100around the yaw axis as produced by powered gimbal 130 during thereorientation and repositioning of payload 131.

Moreover, the calculation may take into account additional data providedby sensor 117 and GPS 118 regarding motion and trajectory of balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100. For example,if it is desired that payload 130 remain fixed towards a certain pointin space, calculations of flywheel rotational commands may take intoaccount the movement of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 so as to maintain orientation of payload 130towards the certain point.

The flywheel rotational commands may be transmitted in the form ofoutput signals to flywheel 116 which, upon receiving the output signals,may rotate around the yaw, pitch, and/or roll axis in order to maintainand stabilize the orientation and position of payload 116. Flywheel 116may operate in tandem with one or more rotational stabilization devices120 in order to maintain and stabilize the orientation and position ofpayload 116. In some instances, flywheel 116 may operate in balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100 in aconfiguration in which the one or more rotational stabilization devices120 are not included. In such embodiment, flywheel 116 may operate tomaintain and stabilize the orientation and position of payload 116.

FIG. 5 shows an illustrative method of orienting and positioningcarousel device 300 of the balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100. Such a method may be performed on board byballoon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100 byprocessor 112 or off board at an external processing center. At step502, the current position and orientation of carousel device 300 may bedetermined. In certain embodiments, the position and orientation ofcarousel device 300 may be determined relative to the position andorientation of balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100. Additionally, the next position and orientation of carouseldevice 300 may be determined. The next position and orientation ofcarousel device 300 may be different than the current position andorientation of carousel device 300.

The determination of the position and orientation of payload may be donethrough contribution of data provided by sensor 117. In otherembodiments, the determination may be done through the utilization ofinput commands previously generated and executed to achieve the currentpositioning. The two forms of determination may be performed alone, orin combination. In other instances, other means of determining theposition and orientation of carousel device 300 may be used.

In certain embodiments, the current and next positioning of rotatablemechanism 320 may also be determined. As stated above, rotatablemechanism 320 may comprise a plurality of outer faces 322. Each outerface of the plurality of outer faces 322 may serve as fixture point forspecialized hardware components. Such hardware components may include,but are not limited to, solar cells, GPS receivers, cameras, sensors,antennas, communication equipment, and the like. At step 502, thecurrently exposed outer face and the hardware components attached may bedetermined, as well as the next outer face to be exposed.

At step 504, after determining the current and next orientation andposition of carousel device 300, as well as which outer face of theplurality of outer faces 322 is the currently exposed outer face and thenext to be exposed outer face, powered gimbal rotational commands may becalculated. Such powered gimbal rotational commands may containinstructions that, when executed, cause powered gimbal 130 to repositionand reorient carousel device 300 to another position and/or orientation.Additionally or alternatively, the powered gimbal rotational commandsmay contain instructions that, when executed, cause carousel device 300to reposition and reorient independent of powered gimbal 130. In otherembodiments, carousel device 300 and powered gimbal 130 may operate intandem. Moreover, the powered gimbal rotational commands may containfurther instructions that, when executed, cause carousel device 300 torotate rotatable mechanism 320 to display a different outer face and thehardware components fixed thereof.

At step 506, output signals including the calculated powered gimbalrotational commands may be transmitted to powered gimbal 130 and/orcarousel device 300. After receiving the output signals, powered gimbal130 may reorient and reposition carousel device 300 in a new positionand orientation different from the previous position and orientation.Such reorientation and repositioning may be achieved through rotationalof powered gimbal 130 around any one, or combination of, a first,second, third, or additional axis of rotation. In embodiments whereexposure of a different outer face is called for, output signals may beadditionally sent to carousel device 300. In such embodiments, carouseldevice 300, after receiving the output signals, may activate rotationalmechanism 320 and expose a new outer face. In other embodiments wherecarousel device 300 operates independently of powered gimbal 130,carousel 300 may be reoriented and repositioned through rotation aroundany one, or combination of, the first, second, or third axis ofrotation. In such embodiments, rotatable mechanism 320 may also beactivated as called for.

After the output signals for the reorientation and repositioning ofcarousel device 300 and the plurality of hardware components comprisedtherein have been transmitted to powered gimbal 130 and/or carouseldevice 300, a determination may be made at step 508 that such areorientation and repositioning has been completed.

At step 510, in response to determining that carousel device 300 hasbeen reoriented and repositioned to a new position and orientation,rotational stabilization device rotational commands may be calculatedwhich may comprise instructions for maintaining and stabilizing theposition and orientation of carousel device 300 at the new location inspecific regards to the yaw axis. In other embodiments, the calculationsof rotational stabilization device rotational commands may be made formaintaining and stabilizing the position and orientation of carouseldevice 300 at the new location in specific regards to the yaw axis,pitch axis, roll axis, or any combination of axes thereof.

The calculation may take into account data provided by sensor 117regarding external atmospheric phenomena such as wind speed, winddirection, barometric pressure, presence of wind gusts, precipitation,and the like. As stated above, such phenomena may incur rotation aroundthe yaw axis of balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100. Accordingly, the calculation of rotational stabilizationdevice rotational commands may adjust for the presence of suchphenomena. In some embodiments, the calculations may be done seamlesslyand in real-time as atmospheric phenomena changes are detected by sensor117. The calculations completed at step 510 may also take into accountthe rotation of balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100 around the yaw axis as produced by powered gimbal 130 and/orcarousel device 300 during the reorientation and repositioning ofcarousel device 300.

Moreover, the calculation may take into account additional data providedby sensor 117 and GPS 118 regarding motion and trajectory of balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100. For example,if it is desired that carousel device 300 remain fixed towards aspecific point in space, calculations of rotational stabilization devicerotational commands may take into account the movement of balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100 so as tomaintain orientation of carousel device 300 towards the specific point.

At step 512, the rotational stabilization device rotational commands maybe transmitted in the form of output signals to one or more rotationalstabilization devices 120 which, upon receiving the additional outputsignals, may employ any of a plurality of thrust generating means suchas, but not limited to, air thrusters, propellers, impellers,electromagnetic thrusters, rockets, and like, in order to maintain andstabilize the orientation and positioning of carousel device 300. One ormore rotational stabilization devices 120 may maintain and stabilize theorientation and positioning of carousel device 300 around the yaw axisof balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system 100. Inother embodiments, the one or more rotational stabilization devices 120may maintain and stabilize the orientation and positioning of carouseldevice 300 around the yaw, pitch, and/or rolls axis of balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 100.

In some embodiments, in response to determining that carousel device 300has been reoriented and repositioned, flywheel rotational commands maybe calculated which may comprise instructions for maintaining andstabilizing the position and orientation of carousel device 300 at thenew location in specific regards to the yaw axis. In other embodiments,the calculations of flywheel rotational commands may be made formaintaining and stabilizing the position and orientation of carouseldevice 300 at the new location in specific regards to the yaw axis,pitch axis, roll axis, or any combination of axes thereof.

The calculation may take into account data provided by sensor 117regarding external atmospheric phenomena such as wind speed, winddirection, barometric pressure, presence of wind gusts, precipitation,and the like. As stated above, such phenomena may incur rotation aroundthe yaw axis of balloon payload orientation control and stabilizationsystem 100. Accordingly, the calculation of flywheel rotational commandsmay adjust for the presence of such phenomena. In some embodiments, thecalculations may be done seamlessly and in real-time as atmosphericchange and are detected by sensor 117. The calculations may also takeinto account the rotation of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 around the yaw axis as produced by poweredgimbal 130 during the reorientation and repositioning of carousel device300.

Moreover, the calculation may take into account additional data providedby sensor 117 and GPS 118 regarding motion and trajectory of balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 100. For example,if it is desired that carousel device 300 remain fixed towards a certainpoint in space, calculations of flywheel rotational commands may takeinto account the movement of balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 so as to maintain orientation of carouseldevice 300 towards the certain point.

The flywheel rotational commands may be transmitted in the form ofoutput signals to flywheel 116 which, upon receiving the output signals,may rotate around the yaw, pitch, roll and/or other axis in order tomaintain and stabilize the orientation and position of carousel device300. Flywheel 116 may operate in tandem with one or more rotationalstabilization devices 120 in order to maintain and stabilize theorientation and position of carousel device 300. In some instances,flywheel 116 may operate in balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system 100 in a configuration in which the one or morerotational stabilization devices 120 are not included. In suchembodiment, flywheel 116 may operate to maintain and stabilize theorientation and position of carousel device 300.

FIG. 6 shows an illustrative configuration of a central housing unit 610and components included therein and attached thereto. Central housingunit 610 may comprise some or all of the hardware/software components ascentral housing unit 110 as depicted in FIG. 1 and central housing unit210 as depicted in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 6, central housing unit 610may include one or more rotational stabilization devices 620, solarpanel/cell 630, and camera/video recorder 640. As discussed below,central housing unit 610 may include additional components.

Central housing unit 610 may be composed of a foam shell and may containhardware including power systems, motor drivers, computing electronics,and telemetry and communications hardware, which may include a satellitemodem such as an Iridium modem, a UHF radio and a cellulartelecommunications modem. Additionally, Central housing unit 610 mayinclude sensors that provide inertial, positioning and orientationinformation such as GPS, pressure sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes,magnetometers, and the like. Central housing unit 610 may also include avariety of hardware and instrumentation mounted internally and/orexternally including sun-angle sensors and temperature sensors.

Central housing unit 610 may include solar panel/cell 630 andcamera/video recorder 640. Solar panel/cell 630 may include a pluralityof filters ranging from 320-650 nm and 320-1100 nm and may be configuredto exhibit full photocurrent density-voltage (J/V) characteristics at16-bit ADC. In certain embodiments, solar panel/cell 630 may be aplurality of solar panels/cells. Solar panel/cell 630 may be configuredso as to power the entirety of components comprised within, and externalto, central housing unit 610, or may be configured to operate in tandemwith additional power/battery components included within central housingunit 610.

Camera/video recorder 640 may be mounted on an external face of centralhousing unit 610 and may be configured to take pictures/record video. Incertain embodiments, a plurality of cameras/video recorders may bemounted externally on central housing unit 610. Camera/video recorder640 may be configured to take one or more pictures at set intervalspredetermined and/or pre-stored in memory comprised within centralhousing unit 610. For example, one or more pictures may be taken every30 minutes, hour, day, week, etc. The number of pictures and frequencyof pictures taken by camera/video recorder 640 may also be predeterminedand/or pre-stored in memory. Camera/video recorder 640 may also beconfigured to take videos at similar intervals for a duration of time(e.g., 30 seconds, 2 minutes, 1 hour, etc.) predetermined and/orpre-stored in memory.

In some instances, camera/video recorder 640 may be configured to takepictures/videos in response to instructions received via communicationshardware comprised within central housing unit 610. In other instances,camera/video recorder 640 may take pictures/videos in response to dataregistered by sensors and/or GPS systems comprised within centralhousing unit 610 which correlate to predetermined and/or pre-stored datapoints in memory of central housing unit 610. For example, camera/videorecorder 640 may take a picture/video in response to sensors comprisedwithin central housing unit 610 registering specific barometric pressureindicating a severe weather system, or GPS systems indicating thatcentral housing unit 610 is at a certain longitude and latitude, or at acertain height at a certain longitude and latitude.

Image/video data captured by camera/video recorder 640 may be storedlocally in memory, or transmitted off-board via communications hardwarecomprised within central housing unit 610. Transmission of data may bedone in real-time, at certain intervals, or in response to receiving anexternal request via communications hardware.

Central housing unit 610 may be connected to one or more rotationalstabilization devices 620 mounted facing the same direction on oppositesides of a vertical plane of the central housing unit 610. While the oneor more rotational stabilization devices 620 are shown in FIG. 6 in theform of propellers, alternative momentum generation devices as discussedherein may be used.

One or more rotational stabilization devices 620 may be independentlypowered such that they generate rotation of central housing unit 610 andthe components comprised therein and attached thereto around a verticalaxis as shown. In such a configuration, the one or more rotationalstabilization devices 620 mounted on spars connected to central housingunit 610 to extend away from the central vertical axis to increasestability and increase the yaw momentum generated by a given amount ofthrust.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a central housing unit 710, powered gimbal730, and components comprised therein and attached thereto. Centralhousing unit 710 may comprise some or all of the hardware/softwarecomponents as central housing unit 110 as depicted in FIG. 1 and centralhousing unit 210 as depicted in FIG. 2, and/or central housing unit 610described in FIG. 6. Furthermore, powered gimbal 730 may comprise someor all of the hardware/software components as powered gimbal 130 asdepicted in FIG. 1 and powered gimbal 230 as depicted in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 7, powered gimbal 730 may be rigidly attached to anupper external face of central housing unit 710. However, in otherembodiments, powered gimbal 730 may be attached to other external facesof central housing unit 710. Payload 731 may be attached to poweredgimbal 730. Powered gimbal 730 may include multiple motors, which areconfigured to provide independent rotation around multiple axes. Forexample, motors may be configured to provide independent tilt, roll, andyaw rotation, and thus allow any orientation of payload 731 to beacquired and maintained. Powered gimbal 730 may be controlled bycomputing hardware to provide orientation and stabilization control forthe payload 731. As stated above, such computing hardware may becomprised within gimbal 730, central housing unit 710, and/or othercomponents comprised within the balloon payload orientation control andstabilization system.

The computing hardware controlling powered gimbal 730 may interface withsensors comprised within central housing unit 710 that provide inertial,positioning and orientation information such as GPS, pressure sensors,accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, sun-angle sensors, and thelike. The computing hardware controlling powered gimbal 730 may thenperform calculations to determine the outputs to the motors and/orservos comprised within powered gimbal 730 required to achieve/maintainthe desired orientation and send those outputs to the motors/servos,which are manipulated accordingly. Such calculations may be calculatedand updated many times a second to provide very rapid and preciseorientation control and stabilization of payload 731. The computinghardware controlling powered gimbal 730 may output performedcalculations in the form of output signals.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show the rotation control characteristics of theillustrative gondola as the rotational stabilization devices run throughthree modes: counter-clockwise (CCW) rotation, clockwise (CW) rotationand maintain 0 degree heading. The rotational stabilization devicesgenerate sufficient thrust to maintain consistent rotationcharacteristics at altitudes in excess of 25 km.

FIG. 8 illustrates performance of the rotational stabilization deviceswhen programmed to control the yaw rotation rate (e.g., spin rate) ofthe gondola at a rotation of around 15 deg/s in clock-wise (CW) andcounter-clock-wise (CCW) and non-rotating (e.g., nullify spin/zerorotation) mode at an altitude higher than 20 km. The rotationalstabilization devices allowed the yaw rotation rate to be controlled atthe desired rotation rate at all times and at altitudes above 25 km.

FIG. 9 illustrates performance of the rotational stabilization deviceswhen programmed to control the yaw rotation rate (e.g., spin rate) andthe yaw pointing (e.g., heading) of the gondola at an altitude higherthan 20 km. Additionally, FIG. 9 shows that during non-rotating (e.g.,nullify spin/zero rotation) mode, North pointing of the gondola may beachieved repeatedly at all times.

FIG. 10 shows an illustrative embodiment of a balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 1000. Balloon payloadorientation control and stabilization system 1000 may comprise some orall of the hardware/software components as balloon payload orientationcontrol and stabilization system 100 as depicted in FIG. 1 and balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system 200 as depicted inFIG. 2.

The balloon payload orientation control and stabilization system 1000may include an balloon envelope 1002, a coupling member 1004 attached toa bottom end portion of balloon envelope 1002 at first distal end ofcoupling member 1004, and a gondola (e.g., central housing unit 1010,one or more rotational stabilization devices 1020, gimbal 1030, andpayload 1031) positioned below balloon envelope 1002 and coupled at anupper end portion to a second distal end of coupling member 1004.Coupling member 1004 may be attached to the gondola such that centralhousing unit 1010 is suspended roughly symmetrically around the axis ofthe length of cord. Balloon release device 1006, parachute 1008, andradar reflector 1040 may also be fixed to coupling member 1004.

In such an embodiment, parachute 1008 and radar reflector 1040 may bepositioned below balloon release device 1006 so as to remain fixed tothe gondola after it has been detached from balloon envelope 1002. Asdescribed above, balloon release device 1006 may be configured to sever,cut, or detach from coupling member 1004 in order to disengage thegondola from balloon envelope 1002. The balloon release device 1006 maybe remotely triggered or may be programmed to trigger automatically viainput signals received from the processor comprised within centralhousing unit 1010.

After the gondola has become disengaged from balloon envelope 1002,parachute 1008 may deploy. Parachute 1008 may deploy in response toactivation of balloon release device 1006, or shortly thereafter.Parachute 1008 may include guidance hardware that allows the gondola toperform a controlled descent to the earth's surface. In someembodiments, a plurality of parachutes may be used. Additionally, radarreflector 1040 may be fixed to coupling member 104 below the parachute.Radar reflector 1040 may be configured to respond to incoming radar soas to alert aircraft in the immediate vicinity to the presence ofballoon payload orientation control and stabilization system 1000. Incertain instances a plurality of radar reflectors may be used. In suchinstances, reflectors may be positioned on coupling member 102 bothabove and below the gondola. Alternatively, radar reflectors may besuspended from the one or more rotational stabilization devices.

FIG. 11 depicts the performance characteristics of an example balloonpayload orientation control and stabilization system. The combinedaction of the powered gimbal and thrust generation hardware allows forcontinuous, high performance orientation control and stabilization ofpayloads that comprise a significant portion or even a majority of thetotal gondola mass. Thus a wide range of hardware that benefits fromorientation control and/or stabilization can be included in the payloadand flown on a small balloon that has not been previously possible onsuch platforms.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.For example, while the description above is with respect to a balloonbased system, other lift systems and/or launch vehicles may also be usedwith and/or benefit from the features described herein. Rather, thespecific features and acts described above are disclosed as exampleforms of implementing the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A balloon payload stabilization systemcomprising: a balloon envelope; and a gondola suspended beneath theballoon envelope, the gondola including: a central housing unitincluding one or more rotational stabilization devices, wherein the oneor more rotational stabilization devices are configured to stabilize thegondola around at least a first axis of rotation relative to anorientation of the balloon payload stabilization system; and a poweredgimbal including a payload, wherein the powered gimbal is mechanicallycoupled to the central housing unit and is configured to rotate aroundone or more axes relative to the orientation of the balloon payloadstabilization system to position the payload; wherein the payload, whenpositioned in a position by the powered gimbal, is stably maintained inthe position via rotation around at least the first axis by the one ormore rotational stabilization devices.
 2. The balloon payloadstabilization system of claim 1, further comprising: a coupling membermechanically coupling the balloon envelope to the gondola; and a balloonrelease device positioned on the coupling member between the balloonenvelope and the gondola, wherein the balloon release device isconfigured to decouple the gondola from the balloon envelope.
 3. Theballoon payload stabilization system of claim 1, wherein the payloadcomprises a carousel device, said carousel device comprising: acollimator including an outer end portion and an inner housing portion,wherein the outer end portion is configured to be positioned and alignedin the first position; and a rotatable mechanism disposed within theinner housing portion, the rotatable mechanism comprising a plurality ofouter faces, wherein the rotatable mechanism is configured to rotate andexpose an outer face of the plurality of outer faces to the outer endportion in the position
 4. The balloon payload stabilization system ofclaim 3, wherein the rotatable mechanism further comprises a pluralityof hardware components, and wherein at least a hardware component of theplurality of hardware components is disposed on each outer face of theplurality of outer faces of the rotatable mechanism.
 5. The balloonpayload stabilization system of claim 4, wherein the plurality ofhardware components includes at least one of: a solar cell, an antenna,a communication device, a GPS receiver, and a camera.
 6. The balloonpayload stabilization system of claim 1, wherein the one or morerotational stabilization devices includes at least one of: a propeller,an impeller, an air thruster, a gas thruster, an electromagneticthruster, or a rocket.
 7. The balloon payload stabilization system ofclaim 1, wherein the gondola further comprises one or more flywheelsconfigured to influence rotation around at least the first axis ofrotation, and wherein the payload, when positioned in the position bythe powered gimbal, is stably maintained in the position via rotationand/or positioning of the one or more flywheels.
 8. A balloon payloadstabilization system comprising: a balloon envelope; and a gondolamechanically coupled to the balloon envelope, the gondola including: oneor more rotational stabilization devices configured to stabilize thegondola around at least a first axis of rotation relative to anorientation of the balloon payload stabilization system; a poweredgimbal configured to rotate around one or more axes relative to theorientation of the balloon payload stabilization system; and a payloadcoupled to the powered gimbal, the payload configured to be positionedby the powered gimbal; one or more processors; and memory storingcomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the balloon payload stabilization system to: determinea first position of the payload, wherein the first position correspondsto a current position of the payload; determine a second position of thepayload, wherein the second position corresponds to a next position ofthe payload; in response to determining the first position and thesecond position, calculate powered gimbal rotational commandscorresponding to positioning the payload by the powered gimbal to thesecond position from the first position; transmit first output signalsto the powered gimbal, wherein the first output signals include thepowered gimbal rotational commands; determine that the powered gimbalhas positioned the payload to the second position; in response todetermining that the payload has been positioned to the second positionby the powered gimbal, calculate rotational stabilization devicerotational commands corresponding to maintaining and stabilizing thesecond position of the payload; and transmit second output signals tothe one or more rotational stabilization devices, wherein the secondoutput signals include the rotational stabilization device rotationalcommands.
 9. The balloon payload stabilization system of claim 8,further comprising: a coupling member mechanically coupling the balloonenvelope to the gondola; and a balloon release device positioned on thecoupling member between the balloon envelope and the gondola, whereinthe balloon release device is configured to decouple the gondola fromthe balloon envelope.
 10. The balloon payload stabilization system ofclaim 9, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed bythe one or more processors, further cause the balloon payloadstabilization system to: determine that the balloon payloadstabilization system has reached a predetermined altitude; and inresponse to determining that the balloon payload stabilization systemhas reached the predetermined altitude, transmitting, to the balloonrelease device, third output signals corresponding to decoupling thegondola from the balloon envelope.
 11. The balloon payload stabilizationsystem of claim 10, wherein the payload is a carousel device comprising:a collimator including an outer end portion and an inner housingportion, wherein the outer end portion is configured to be positionedand aligned; and a rotatable mechanism positioned within the innerhousing portion, the rotatable mechanism including a plurality of outerfaces, wherein the rotatable mechanism is configured to rotate andexpose an outer face of the plurality of outer faces to the outer endportion, wherein the rotatable mechanism comprises a plurality ofhardware components, and wherein at least a hardware component of theplurality of hardware components is disposed on each outer face of theplurality of outer faces of the rotatable mechanism.
 12. The balloonpayload stabilization system of claim 11, wherein the plurality ofhardware components includes at least one of: a solar cell, an antenna,a communication device, a GPS receiver, a barometer, and a camera. 13.The balloon payload stabilization system of claim 12, wherein thecomputer-readable instructions, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, further cause the balloon payload stabilization system to:determine at least a hardware component of the plurality of hardwarecomponents to be used; in response to determining at least the hardwarecomponent of the plurality of hardware components, rotate the rotatablemechanism to expose a first outer face of the plurality of outer facesto the outer end portion of the collimator.
 14. The balloon payloadstabilization system of claim 8, wherein the gondola further comprisesone or more flywheels configured to stabilize around at least the firstaxis of rotation.
 15. The balloon payload stabilization system of claim14, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the oneor more processors, further cause the balloon payload stabilizationsystem to: determine that the powered gimbal has positioned the payloadto the second position; and in response to determining that the payloadhas been positioned to the second position by the powered gimbal,calculate flywheel rotational commands corresponding to maintaining andstabilizing the second position of the payload; and transmit fourthoutput signals to the one or more flywheels, wherein the fourth outputsignals include the flywheel rotational commands.
 16. A methodcomprising: determining a first position of a payload, wherein the firstposition corresponds to a current position of the payload; determining asecond position of the payload, wherein the second position correspondsto a next position of the payload; in response to determining the firstposition, calculating powered gimbal rotational commands correspondingto positioning the payload by a powered gimbal to the second positionfrom the first position; transmitting first output signals to thepowered gimbal, wherein the first output signals include the poweredgimbal rotational commands; determining that the powered gimbal haspositioned the payload to the second position; in response todetermining that the payload has been positioned to the second positionby the powered gimbal, calculating rotational stabilization devicerotational commands corresponding to maintaining and stabilizing thesecond position of the payload; and transmitting second output signalsto one or more rotational stabilization devices, wherein the secondoutput signals include the rotational stabilization device rotationalcommands.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determiningthat a balloon payload stabilization system has reached a predeterminedaltitude; and in response to determining that the balloon payloadstabilization system has reached a predetermined altitude, transmitting,to a balloon release device, third output signals to decouple thegondola from a balloon envelope.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein thepayload is a carousel device, and wherein the calculating powered gimbalrotational commands further includes: determining at least a hardwarecomponent of a plurality of hardware components positioned within arotatable mechanism of the carousel to be used; in response todetermining at least the hardware component of the plurality of hardwarecomponents, rotating the rotatable mechanism to expose a first outerface of a plurality of outer faces to an outer end portion of acollimator, wherein at least the hardware component of the plurality ofhardware components is disposed on the first outer face.
 19. The methodof claim 19, wherein the plurality of hardware components include atleast one of: a solar cell, an antenna, a communication device, a GPSreceiver, a barometer, and a camera.
 20. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: determining that the powered gimbal has positioned thepayload to the second position; and in response to determining that thepayload has been positioned to the second position by the poweredgimbal, calculating flywheel rotational commands corresponding tomaintaining and stabilizing the second position of the payload; andtransmit fourth output signals to one or more flywheels, wherein thefourth output signals include the flywheel rotational commands.